Here, we introduce the field of nuclear reprogramming and briefly discuss six of the procedures by which reprogramming may be experimentally performed. Pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming philosophical. Cellular reprogramming is a technique that allows the generation of specific cell types including stem celllike cells, neurons, and glia by genetically modifying readily available somatic cells such as fibroblasts or lymphocytes to generate patientspecific cell lines. Nuclear reprogramming methods and protocols steve pells. In many ways, the science of direct and indirect cellular reprogramming is like poking a wild animal, e. Nuclear reprogramming is an intriguing phenomenon, in which specialized somatic cells reacquire pluripotency through the global resetting of epigenetic modifications without changes occurring to their nuclear dna information. Reprogramming by nuclear transfer has established important principles, perpetuated some productive lines of livestock by cloning, and permitted some extraordinary experiments with mice. The direct reprogramming of somatic cells with only a few transcription factors has fundamental medical implications and arguably represents the most important finding in the stem cell field since gurdons demonstration of reprogramming by nuclear transplantation. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and. The transplantation of these cells into nude mice results in formation of teratomas consisting of various tissues from all three germ layers, confirming the pluripotency of these cells. Finally, reprogramming by fusion with human es cells was reported in 2005 cowan et al. Cell reprogramming and transgenesis methods in molecular biology.
Reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent embryonic stem celllike state has been achieved by nuclear transplantation of a somatic. Although nuclear reprogrammingthe cellular process underlying cloning and the artificial generation of stem cells. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells ebook by 9781617792250. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells stem cell biology and regenerative medicine kindle edition by justin ainscough, shinya yamanaka, takashi tada. In contrast, the identification and isolation of natural stem cells from normal tissues is a difficult process and has not yet been successful for most vertebrate tissues 1. Cellular reprogramming is a technique that allows the generation of specific cell types including stem cell like cells, neurons, and glia by genetically modifying readily available somatic cells such as fibroblasts or lymphocytes to generate patientspecific cell lines. Nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of another unrelated cell type. Small rnas their biogenesis, regulation and function in embryonic stem cells.
Ross p, cibelli jb methods molecular biology humana press, 2010. Melton2 nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of another unrelated cell type. Nuclear reprogramming by xenopus oocytes discussion j. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells will serve as a valuable resource for all researchers in the field of stem cell biology, including those just setting out on their career path as. We work towards understanding how the reprogramming process works at the molecular level.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer an overview sciencedirect. Book chapters bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer. N2 mammalian development commences with the totipotent zygote which is capable of developing into all the specialized cells that make up the adult animal. Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches. Nuclear reprogramming, the process by which a nucleus acquires developmental potential, is currently a focus of great interest in the scientific community and is covered here. Nuclear reprogramming and therapeutic applications. A direct comparison of the two methods can reveal much about the underlying architecture of the reprogramming process. Rs1 enhanced the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells will serve as a valuable resource for all researchers in the field of stem cell biology, including those just setting out on their career path as well as those already established in the field. Oct 29, 2012 the idea of taking a mature cell and removing its identity nuclear reprogramming so that it can then become any kind of cell, holds great promise for repairing damaged tissue or replacing bone.
We use this knowledge to generate isogenic fully inmune compatible stem cells, and to improve the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer scnt. Nuclear reprogramming, the process by which a nucleus acquires developmental potential, is covered here as well. Ragina np, cibelli jb trends in stem cell biology and technology. Reprogramming by nuclear transfer might provide an important source of pluripotent stem cells from human beings, including patients needing cell therapies. Little is known about factors that induce this reprogramming. Books principles of cloning jose cibelli, editor academic press, 2002. Is a novel suppressor for the formation and functions of nuclear factin. Successful reprogramming of a somatic genome to produce a healthy clone by somatic cells nuclear transfer scnt is a rare event and the mechanisms involved in this process are poorly defined. The transplantation of a somatic cell nucleus to an enucleated egg results in a major reprogramming of gene expression and switch in cell fate. Sep 30, 2003 to this extent nuclear transplantation can achieve the creation of stem cells or stemlike cells from somatic cells of very restricted developmental potential. Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, oct34, sox2, cmyc, and klf4, under es cell. Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells in nonhuman primates.
When a nucleus from a differentiated somatic cell, such as an intestinal cell, is transplanted into an enucleated oocyte, nuclear reprogramming is initiated, leading to the. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells stem cell biology and. Part of the stem cell biology and regenerative medicine book series stemcell. This book is an essential purchase for all those engaged in stem cell research, whether in the laboratory, the clinic. The stable states of differentiated cells are now known to be controlled by dynamic mechanisms that can easily be perturbed.
Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells after fusion. Nuclear reprogramming international publisher science. T1 totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells justin ainscough. Stem cells, the molecular circuitry of pluripotency and nuclear. The book is aimed at reprogramming differentiated cells and germ line transmission of pluripotent stem cells, and features chapters that deal with reprogramming related issues such as analysis of mitochondrial dna in reprogrammed cells and the isolation. Reprogramming efficiency of somatic cell nuclei is very low in both somatic cell nuclear transfer scnt and ipscs technologies. Pdf nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to. Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells after fusion with. Annotation research into the field of stem cell biology has developed exponentially over recent years, and is beginning to offer significant promise for unravelling the molecular basis of a. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets.
Methods and protocols, handson laboratory scientists describe readily reproducible methods for actually performing nuclear reprogramming by nuclear transfer in several different species, by fusion induced both chemically and electrically, and by the in vivo treatment of cells with cell extracts. This volume provides an understanding of the factors involved in nuclear reprogramming, which is essential for the success of reprogramming. Subsequent procedures included mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, induction of pluripotency by ectopic gene expression, and direct reprogramming. Nuclear reprogramming in cells nuclear transfer to eggs and oocytes. Nuclear reprogramming an overview sciencedirect topics. Subsequent procedures included mammalian somatic cell nuclear.
Reprogramming of somatic cells therefore involves resetting the epigenetic. Aug 26, 2005 nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells after fusion with human embryonic stem cells. Cell fusionmediated nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells. Early studies in frog cloning provided some of the first experimental evidence for reprogramming. It is relevant to stem cell research generally, and also to research on the cloning of animals by nuclear transfer. Cellular reprogramming is a technique that allows the generation of specific cell.
An adult cell can therefore be reprogrammed, altering its pattern of. Mar, 2006 for an illustration of nuclear reprogramming,click here. The protocols follow the successful methods in molecular biology series format, each offering stepbystep. Dec 19, 2008 nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of another unrelated cell type. Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three. Understanding nuclear transfer and stem cells mission. The earliest evidence for the experimental reversal of cell differentiation came. Subsequent procedures included mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusio.
Recently, it was reported that the genetic instability and dna damage arise prior to transcriptional activity during reprogramming. In our laboratory we work towards understanding how the cellular reprogramming works at the molecular level. Yamanaka was the first to demonstrate in 2006 that this somatic cell nuclear transfer or oocytebased reprogramming process see below, that gurdon discovered, could be recapitulated in mice by defined factors oct4, sox2, klf4, and cmyc to generate induced pluripotent stem cells ipscs. Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryoniclike state by transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem es cells. Azim surani, in essentials of stem cell biology third edition, 2014. Stem cells are found in all multicellular organisms, including two broadly defined cell types.
Markus grompe, director of the oregon stem cell center at oregon health and science university in portland, hopes to find a way around the debate by producing cloned cells that have all the properties of embryonic stem cells but dont come from embryos. Nuclear cloning, epigenetic reprogramming and cellular differentiation discussion rudolf jaenisch, konrad hochedlinger and kevin eggan. Somatic cell nuclear transfer scnt and induced pluripotent stem cell ipsc technology, also called direct reprogramming can be used to generate pluripotent cells. Doug melton talks with stembook about diabetes, stem cells, and making beta cells allan spradling talks with stembook about polyploidy, evolution, and the state of funding for basic science foxc1 is a critical regulator of haematopoietic stemprogenitor cell niche formation. We have explored the use of embryonic stem cells as an alternative to oocytes for reprogramming human somatic nuclei. Epigenetic reprogramming of somatic nuclei transplanted into oocytes must require the erasure and initiation of appropriate epigenetic modifications compatible for development. Nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one. Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming oregon. This process, called somatic cell nuclear transfer scnt, came as a surprise to. Epigenetic reprogramming during somatic cell nuclear transfer and the. The gold standard for the completeness of reprogramming by eggs has been described as the formation of a.
680 825 80 174 204 748 1095 329 228 453 336 952 3 1049 609 1292 1463 480 1450 1220 365 624 1475 181 1172 332 446 721 1115 950 1325 737 1457 1213 335 199 428 1367 87 718 782 1005 1223 633 858